Fig 1.
Mid-sagittal MRI scan of a male human airway in an /ɑ/ vowel configuration.
(after Story B, et al.) [33].
Fig 2.
Part coronal and part mid-sagittal sketch of the lower supraglottal airway (from Titze I and Verdolini-Abbott K, 2012) [15].
Fig 3.
Airway model with (left to right) a trachea, glottis, epi-larynx, supraglottal tract, a nasal tract, and flow-resistant tube (3 mm diameter and 10 cm length) as a semi-occlusion.
Fig 4.
Expansion of the airway in a simulation model with a 3.0 mm diameter flow-resistant tube as an oral semi-occlusion and a lung pressure of 2.5 kPa.
(top) entire airway, and (bottom) glottal and epilaryngeal airways expanded.
Fig 5.
Expansion of the minor diameters of the elliptical glottal sections with 2.5 kPa lung pressure and 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 mm tube diameters at the mouth.
The vertical to horizontal aspect ratio is 6.67 (5 sections have 8 mm length).
Table 1.
Anatomical distances (mm) and cross-sectional areas (mm2) obtained from CT scans of 10 subjects by Guzman et al., (Guz), the airway simulation model (Model), and MRI scans from a single male subject (S.S.) pre and during semi-occlusion (SOVT).
Fig 6.
Steady flow resistances for the glottis at 3 loudness levels (soft—black, medium—green, loud—red) and 3 phonation types (data points), the epilaryngeal airway (lower lines), and the flow resistant tube (upper line).
Fig 7.
(a) Airway shapes for the /i/ vowel (top two) and the /ɑ/ vowel (bottom two) with and without oral semi-occlusions, (b) corresponding inertagrams.
Fig 8.
Expansion of the airway in a simulation model with a 3.0 mm diameter oral semi-occlusion and a lung pressure of 2.5 kPa.
The stiffness of the epilaryngeal airway wall was increased to prevent expansion. (Top) entire airway, and (bottom) glottal and epilaryngeal sections.
Fig 9.
Waveforms and spectra for the simulation with epilaryngeal airway allowed to expand.
Fig 10.
Waveforms and spectra for the simulation with epilaryngeal airway not allowed to expand.
Fig 11.
Five serial elliptical vocal fold sections for self-sustained oscillation.