Fig 1.
Fit of the HemoCell RBC models (violins) to the elongation curves from the ektacytometry data (dashed lines).
The elongation indices from ektacytometry are colored red for healthy RBCs, green for RBCs treated in 0.5 mM TBHP, and blue for RBCs treated with 0.75 mM TBHP. Each numerical RBC is labeled by its resulting Young’s modulus (YM), and is shown as the violins which are colored red (YM 27.82 μN/m), green (YM 244.04 μN/m), and blue (YM 808.00 μN/m) to match the corresponding experimental models. The width of each violin plot highlights the distribution of elongation indices, Eq 1, computed over a time range of 35 milliseconds. The top, middle, and bottom horizontal black bars in each violin show the location of the max, mean, and min elongation index of the numerical models respectively.
Fig 2.
Fluorescence stained platelet confocal microscope distributions along the 100μm height axis of an ibidi (Gräfelfing, Germany) glass channel.
10% of platelets were stained with Allophycocyanin (APC) anti-human CD41/CD61 which was excited by a λ = 633nm laser and has a fluorescence emission peak at wavelength λ = 660nm. (A) Image of the stained platelets at the wall (channel height of 96μm). (B) Schematic of the experimental setup of the confocal microscope with the ibidi glass channel and the flowing blood with fluoresces stained platelets. (C) The left panel shows the raw platelet distributions (brown is measured from the 100% healthy case and the purple is the 100% 1.0mM TBHP case). (C) The right panel shows the normalized distributions corrected for absorbance per depth for both 30% hematocrit healthy blood and 30% 1.0mM TBHP treated blood.
Fig 3.
Red blood cell-free layer (left panel) and platelet margination (right panel) as a function rigid RBC fractions.
The computed CFL from HemoCell is shown in black, with each of the RBC components shown in red for healthy and blue for 1.0mM TBHP. Platelet concentration at the wall is computed in the volume 4μm from the wall normalized to the concentration of the 100% healthy RBC case (HemoCell:black and in vitro results for 0.75mM TBHP:blue and 1.0mM TBHP:purple).
Table 1.
HemoCell model parameters.
Fig 4.
Displacement trajectories per strain from collisions between single RBCs of varying membrane stiffness.
The top row is homogeneous RBC collisions between alike stiffness pairs, the middle row shows heterogeneous RBC collisions between a healthy RBC and a stiff RBC, and the bottom row shows collisions between RBCs and platelets. The color scheme throughout the figure is red for healthy RBCs, green for 0.5 mM TBHP RBCs, blue for 0.75 mM TBHP RBCs, and black for platelets. The schematic of the cell collisions and computed displacement |ΔY| is shown in the right panel of the middle row. The spread of each line highlights the standard deviation of the trajectories resulting from different orientations of initial RBC positions.
Fig 5.
Simulation results of diffusion coefficient profiles (left panels) and volume fractions (right panels) along the radial axis of a 50μm radius pipe with a tube hematocrit of 30%.
The top row is the 100% healthy case, the middle row is the 50/50 healthy/stiff case, and the bottom row is the 100% stiff case. The right panels show volume fraction profiles across the radius of the pipe for healthy RBCs:red, 0.75mM TBHP RBCs:blue, and platelets:black. Cplt is the platelet volume fraction, which is defined as the ratio of the local platelet volume fraction divided by the mean vessel platelet volume fraction.