Fig 1.
(A) HTC VIVE headset along with the handheld controllers used in the experiments. Participants walked on the Cyberith Virtualizer omnidirectional treadmill system allowing them to navigate a much larger space while in stationary ambulation. (B)Visualization of HTC VIVE handheld controllers’ feedback intensity based on the deviation of the angle. (C) Depiction of an equilateral triangle used in experiment 1. (D) Raw trace of participant’s path overlaid on the vector distances (dashed lines) between the points. The blue point denotes the G1’ and G2’ locations that the participant is guided to and the red points are the participant’s unique G1 and G2 locations for that trial. “D” refers to the actual distance walked by the participant when attempting to return to the origin. (E) Triangle templates used in experiment 1 overlaid on top of each other showing the different triangle types and denoting the internal angles. (F) Triangle templates used in Experiment 2 overlaid on top of each other showing how the length of side C varied over trials. (G) Raw trial where the participant over estimated distance and the angle. (H) Raw trial where the participant underestimated the distance and the angle.
Fig 2.
Results from Experiment 1 along with model fits.
White triangles represent the mean, while the median is shown as a black bar. (A) Participants’ circular mean of angle error for the 7 triangle types. (B) Participants’ mean distance error for the unguided side. (C) Angle error and distance error for all trials. Model 1 simulated data from fitted values are shown as (D-F). Model 2 simulated data from fitted values are shown as (G-I). Encoding-Error model simulated data from fitted values are shown as (J-L).
Fig 3.
Mean Beta values from the vector models.
(A): experiment 1 and (B): experiment 2.
Fig 4.
Results from Experiment 2 along with model fits.
White triangles represent the mean while the median is shown as a black bar. (A) Participants’ circular mean of angle error for the 7 triangle types. (B)Participants’ mean distance error for the unguided size. (C)Angle error and Distance error of all trials. Model 1 simulated data from fitted values are shown as (D–F). Model 2 simulated data from fitted values are shown as (G–I). Encoding–Error model simulated data from fitted values are shown as (J–L).
Fig 5.
Systematic underestimation of distance from Experiment 2.
(A) The distribution of distances for the unguided side (D) for each triangle size with y = x plotted at the dotted line. (B) Standard deviation of distances for the unguided side (D), which show a linear increase. (C) Mean systematic errors of distance (1- distance error), which increase logarithmically. (D) Mean systematic errors of distance of the simulated data from Model 2, which increase logarithmically. (E) Mean systematic errors of distance of the simulated data from Encoding-Error Model, which increase logarithmically.