Table 1.
Benchmark of peptide-protein complexes used in this study (non-redundant set; see S1C Table for full set).
PDB ids of the initial calibration set are highlighted in bold.
Table 2.
Summary of performance of PIPER-FlexPepDock, and comparison to other peptide docking protocols.
Results are shown for PIPER-FlexPepDock runs on unbound receptor structures, including receptor minimization.
Fig 1.
Overview of the PIPER-FlexPepDock peptide docking protocol.
Example shown: PDZ domain-peptide interaction [PDB IDs of receptor structure 1MFG (bound) and 2H3L (free)]. For a given receptor structure and peptide sequence, the divide and conquer strategy involves first the description of the peptide as an ensemble of fragments (A), their fast and exhaustive rigid body docking (using PIPER) onto the whole receptor (binding site region is shaded salmon) (B), and subsequent high-resolution refinement (using Rosetta FlexPepDock; the top 5000 models are included in the plot) (C), followed by clustering and selection of top ranking representatives. Fragments are colored according to their similarity to the native bound peptide conformation. L-RMSD: Ligand root mean square deviation from crystal structure; see text for more details.
Fig 2.
Assessment of performance of the different steps of PIPER-FlexPepDock.
(A) Fragment quality: distribution of fragment backbone RMSDs relative to the native bound peptide conformation (defined as fragment quality). PDBs with and without motif information are grouped separately. The initial calibration set is marked with asterisks (*). (B) PIPER rigid body docking: distribution of the number of models within 5Å ligand (L)-RMSD from the native, colored according to fragment quality. (C) Improvement after FlexPepDock refinement: distribution of the L-RMSDs of the top 1% FlexPepDock refined models (in orange) and corresponding PIPER models (in gray). Shown are the results of runs starting from the unbound receptor structure and including receptor minimizations (see also Fig 3). The circles represent the L-RMSD values of the best model among the top 10 ranking clusters. The Y-axis has been trimmed to 7Å. Note that for the PIPER runs, circles represent the top-ranked model of a PIPER run (including density clustering, as described in Methods and Porter et al. [24]), while the distributions represent the subset of models that served as starting structures for the models selected after FlexPepDock refinement. The former allows the comparison of the final results from a PIPER run to a corresponding PIPER-FlexPepDock run, while the latter shows improvement due to FlexPepDock refinement for the finally selected models.
Fig 3.
Examples of global peptide docking energy landscapes.
Left: PDB id 1CZY (coiled peptide); Center: 1JD5 (extended peptide); Right: 2A3I (helical peptide). (A) Energy landscape as sampled in the first docking step of the protocol by PIPER rigid body docking of peptide fragments onto the unbound receptor structure. (B-D) Energy landscapes for the PIPER-FPD scheme, starting from the unbound receptor structure (B), the unbound receptor structure including receptor flexibility (C), and the corresponding bound receptor for comparison (D). Models are colored according to fragment quality, as in previous Figures. (E) Comparison of the modeled to the native structure (shown in blue and green, respectively).
Fig 4.
PIPER-FlexPepDock peptide docking performance.
(A) Overall performance on a non-redundant set of 27 peptide-protein complexes. Top: Distribution of best model L-RMSDs (among top 10 ranking clusters) for runs using the bound (BOUND) and free (UNBOUND & UNBOUND-MIN) receptor structures, the latter including also receptor flexibility in the final refinement step (only the motif region was modeled for the 12 complexes with known motif). Shown are both the L-RMSD values for each protein-peptide complex (grey circles, rounded values for improved visibility are provided), as well as the distribution (quartiles and medians, with median values printed alongside). Bottom: Distribution of the ranks of the first near-native cluster (defined as L-RMSD < = 2.0Å), shown using different shades (for corresponding results among the top1, top3 and top10 ranked predictions). (B) Comparison to performance by other algorithms. Top: Box plots of best L-RMSDs among top 10 ranking clusters, including results for the motif part where the motif is known (as in A), as well as for the full peptide, for comparison. Bottom: Performance is shown for different cutoffs (3.0Å and 2.0Å L-RMSD in left and right boxes, respectively) (See S1B Table for more details).
Fig 5.
(A) Job submission page: the required input includes the structure of the receptor and the sequence of the peptide; advanced options are accessible via a button. The tabs at the top provide links to detailed descriptions of the server, as well as to the Queue (upper right). (B) Results of an example peptide docking run: The liprin C-terminal peptide sequence VRTYSC docked onto the PDZ domain of GRIP1 (free receptor PDB id 1N7E). The top10 ranking models can be downloaded, and links to the individual models are provided to the left for inspection using an interactive viewer. In this case, Model 1 is an accurate prediction (L-RMSD = 1.0Å from solved structure PDB id 1N7F). On the right side a scatter plot shows the sampled energy landscape (relative to the lowest energy structure of the simulation).