Fig 1.
Schematic representation of the stroke of an individual cilium and the envelope model.
(Left) Simplification of the stroke cycle as an ellipse. (Right) Representation of the envelope model covering the cilia layer and the propagation of the metachronal wave. (Inspired by Velez-Cordero et al. [23])
Fig 2.
Schematic elliptic motion of an individual ciliary tip.
Fig 3.
Numerical simulation of the velocity field and micro-bead trajectories.
(A) Color view of the horizontal velocity field. The dashed square represents the zoomed-in area represented in Fig 3C. The beating parameters are: CBF = 10 Hz, CBA = 8 μm, λ = 10 μm, Φ = 0, h = 50 μm). (B) Color view of the vertical velocity field. The dashed square represents the zoomed-in area represented in Fig 3C. (C) Zoomed in horizontal (top frame) and vertical (bottom frame) velocity field. (D) Particle trajectories for several insertion points. The particles enter the fluid flow on the left side of the window and travel to the right.
Fig 4.
(A) Contribution of the different order of the micro-beads velocity The blue dashed line represent the effective velocity (in μm.s-1). Green dashed line represent the contribution of the first order of the fluid velocity. The red dashed line represented the contribution of the second order. Black points are the contribution of the parabolic term of the second order. Magenta points are the contribution of the exponential function. Ciliary beating parameters are the following: CBF = 10.0 Hz, CBA = 8.0 μm, λ = 10 μm, ϕ = 0 and h = 100 μm. (B) Examples of parabolic fitting on microbead velocity measurements on 3 different ciliated edges (see companion paper [11]).