Fig 1.
Straight and least energy paths between each pair of targets in the task space coordinate frame.
Fig 2.
(A) Average trajectories of participants in Group 1 (double pendulum vision / double pendulum haptics) during the last block. (B) Average trajectories of participants in Group 2 (point mass vision / double pendulum haptics) during the last block. (C) Average trajectories of participants in Group 3 (double pendulum vision / point mass haptics) during the last block. (D) Average discrete Fréchet distance from the straight path. (E) Average discrete Fréchet distance from the path of least kinetic energy. For Group 3, the straight path and the path of least energy were the same. Error bars and shaded area represent 95% confidence level.
Table 1.
Mechanical properties of the virtual double pendulum.