Table 1.
A list of major well-known diabetic comorbidities that is used to validate the results of the co-occurrence analysis.
Fig 1.
The fraction of inpatients in the entire population as a function of age is similar in males and females, except for an excess of females at the age around 30, most likely related to giving birth (a).
After a peak in early childhood, the fraction of inpatients increases to levels of above 80% in older age. The bulk of male (female) (b) DM1 and (c) DM2 patients is aged around 60 (70), for DM1 patients there is a second peak around age 10. The sex ratio SR(y,t) is shown for DM1 (d,e) and DM2 (f,g) patients and the number of their diagnoses (d,f) and their prescriptions (e,g). For patients younger than 60, with a comparably high number of comorbidities, female patients have less diagnoses but take more drugs than males.
Fig 2.
Sex ratios for the numbers of prescriptions of selected therapies on 3-digit-level ATC codes.
Results for medications related to pain relief, psycholeptics, and psychoanaleptics (N02, N05, N06) and diuretics (C03) are dominated by females at all ages. Beta blocking agents (C07), calcium channel blocker (C08), and ACE inhibitors (C09) show an excess of males at ages around 30, but a female excess at older ages. Lipid modifying agents (C10) show an excess of males, the sex ratio for antineoplastic agents (L01) is almost balanced.
Fig 3.
Relative risks for DM1 (left column) and DM2 (middle column) patients, and sex ratios (right column) for core comorbidities using a false discovery rate of α<0.01 and an ICD code from the range A01-I27.
Color encodes the values of the risks and sex ratios.
Fig 4.
Relative risks for DM1 (left column) and DM2 (middle column) patients, and sex ratios (right column) for core comorbidities using a false discovery rate of α<0.01 and an ICD code from the range I34-N99.
Color encodes the values of the risks and sex ratios.
Table 2.
Diagnoses are shown which have been identified in the lead/lag analysis.