Figure 1.
The network controlling path integration and landmark navigation.
Eight motivation units (red), a bank of memory elements shown in blue, (Mem A, Mem B) and seven further elements (two food landmark elements, fLMA, fLMB, one home landmark element, hLM, and four combined route landmark elements, rLMAout, rLMBout, rLMAin, rLMBin, lower right). The path integrator is schematically depicted at lower left (Curr. Vect, PI). Box rand.gen. and the motivation units ACS on, off control “area-concentrated search” walks. For further details see text.
Figure 2.
Walk from home to food source A and back.
The catchment areas of the landmark elements home, and the two food sources A and B are shown by circles coloured in yellow and green, respectively. Catchment areas of route landmarks are shown in red or blue for outbound and inbound landmarks, respectively. Outbound walk is depicted by red squares, inbound walk by blue squares. For further explanations see text.
Figure 3.
Walk from home to food source B and back.
The catchment areas of the landmark elements home, and the two food sources A and B are shown by circles coloured in yellow and green, respectively. Catchment areas of route landmarks are shown in red or blue for outbound and inbound landmarks, respectively. Outbound walk is depicted by red squares, inbound walk by blue squares. For further explanations see text.
Figure 4.
Walk from home to food source.
A. As there is no food, the agent performs a short cut to food source B. After having found food, it returns to home using one route landmark. As the local vector to the next route landmark is too short, path integration takes over. The catchment areas of the landmark elements home, and the two food sources A and B are shown by circles coloured in yellow and green, respectively. Catchment areas of route landmarks are shown in red or blue for outbound and inbound landmarks, respectively. Outbound walk is depicted by red squares, inbound walk by blue squares. For further explanations see text.
Figure 5.
Flight path of a honey bee that is transported from the food source to a place about north of the feeder (dashed black arrow).
After being released, the simulated bee performs a straight flight following the path integrator, then performs a search flight (small dots) until the bee by chance meets a known route landmark. The catchment areas of the landmark elements home and the food source are shown by circles coloured in yellow and green, respectively. Catchment areas of route landmarks are shown in blue for inbound landmarks. Outbound trip is depicted by red squares, inbound trip by blue squares. For further explanations see text.