Figure 1.
Estimation of Growth Curve for Immunomics Based on a PubMed Search See text for the search criteria used. (Illustration: Russell Howson)
Table 1.
Summary of Basic Immunomic Microarray Technologies
Figure 2.
Peptide–MHC Immunomic Microarray Technology
(a) Diagram of a peptide–MHC microarray, with an inset displaying a peptide–MHC spot, which includes co-stimulatory antibody needed to enhance T cell activation, as well as capture antibody to bind secreted cytokine.
(b) Binding and activation of T cells on a specific peptide–MHC spot, which acts as an artificial antigen–presenting cell.
(c) After washing, captured cytokine is revealed by the use of fluorescent antibodies, leading to a measurement of specific immunological response to the peptide–MHC complex. (Illusrtation: Russell Howson)
Figure 3.
Genomic Profiling with DNA Microarrays Consists of One Signal (mRNA) Per Sample, while Immunomic Profiling with Peptide–MHC Microarrays Can Involve Multiple Signals per Sample
For a given T cell population, one could measure for each epitope on the microarray the associated IFN-γ and IL-10 secretion, which corresponds respectively to inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activity, producing multispectral profiles. (Illustration: Russell Howson)
Figure 4.
Spectral Signatures for Different Epitopes Associated with a Given T Cell Population Sample
These are simply the measured secretion of different cytokines on microarray spots associated with the same specified epitope. (Illustration: Russell Howson)
Figure 5.
Example of a Linear Classifier
The response to epitopes X and Y discriminates the patients protected by immunization from the control patients. (Illustration: Russell Howson)
Figure 6.
Example of a Simple Immunomic Network, Consisting of Three Epitopes
Epitope A is a promoter (A is specific to CD4+ helper T cells), epitope B is a suppressor (B is specific to CD4+ regulatory T cells), while epitope C produces the effector response (C is specific to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells), while also promoting the suppressing response of epitope B (negative feedback).
(a) Network wiring diagram and transition rules.
(b) State transition table.
(c) Basins of attraction in state-space, with attractors indicated by dashed rectangles. (Illustration: Russell Howson)