A comparative study of statistical methods for identifying differentially expressed genes in spatial transcriptomics
Fig 3
QQ plots of GEE with robust Wald test, GEE with GST, Independent GEE with robust Wald test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test and z-test for breast cancer comparisons: tumor-controls (DCIS vs. FT:(a), (d), (g), (j), (m); IC vs. FT: (b), (e), (h), (k), (n)) and control-control (FT1 vs. FT2: (c), (f), (i), (l), (o)).
The red line represents the expected distribution under the null hypothesis. DCIS: ductal carcinoma in situ; IC: invasive carcinoma; FT: fibrous tissue.