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Understanding the high-order network plasticity mechanisms of ultrasound neuromodulation

Fig 4

Whole-brain modeling predicts the propagation of TUS-induced plasticity from local to global scales.

A. The local dynamics of each node were simulated using the Stuart-Landau oscillator, which, depending on the bifurcation parameter (a), can exhibit sustained oscillators (a>0), noise (a<0) or coexistence of noise-driven and sustained oscillations (a = 0). B. We inform heterogeneous models with communication models based on communicability (CMY) or distance (denoted as ), and a stimulation modulated by the parameter α (denoted by ) for each target. C. Redundancy and synergy fitting between the empirical and simulated data: The x-axis corresponds to different simulated intensities in the model (alpha), while the y-axis to the Spearman correlation between the empirical and simulated statistical differences (all the t-values in TUS minus control). Each column corresponds to the changes in redundancy and synergy for the two targets. Results for the model based on distance are shown with a solid line, those for the one based on the communicability model with a dashed line. D. Corrected t-values in the simulated data (TUS minus control) for the distance-based model (for the communicability model, see S4 Fig). The columns are consistent with panel C. The brain plots illustrate the HOI changes, displaying significant t-values corrected using a permutation test with N = 1000 iterations. Colors indicate negative/positive changes with respect to no stimulation. Coloured triangles represent the stimulated target with significant t-values at negative alpha.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013514.g004