Evolution of foraging behaviour induces variable complexity-stability relationships in mutualist-exploiter-predator communities
Fig 2
Intermediate intensity of foraging adaptations generates chaos in the mutualist-exploiter-specialist predator-top predator (i.e., four-species MEST) community.
(A) bifurcation diagram; (B) Lyapunov exponent spectrum; (C) time series of population biomass (F1); (D) time series of foraging effort (θ1). Model parameters: r1 = 0.35, d1 = 0.05, u1 = 0.15, β10 = β01 = β = 0.18, g[0.05, 0.5] and other parameter values are presented in Table 1.