Human impedance modulation to improve visuo-haptic perception
Fig 5
Simulation results of normalized coactivation.
(A) Comparison between the tracking error minimization (TEM) model and our optimal information and effort (OIE) model across the nine experiment conditions. The OIE model predicted normalized coactivation values closely aligned with the experimental data, while the TEM model produced large prediction errors. (B) OIE model predictions of normalized coactivation as a function of visual and haptic noise levels. Black dots represent the recorded average coactivation of 20 participants in the final trial. Red dots represent the fitted data from the OIE model. The blue dots show the model’s predicted coactivation in unobserved noise conditions.