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Modeling tissue-scale ciliary transport and mixing in three-dimensional Newtonian flow

Fig 9

Vertical mixing at tissue level with ciliary densities .

Particles are initially partitioned into two groups: the bottom half (black) and the top half (cyan). (a) Snapshots of particle distributions after 400 cilia beating cycles (, for , 0.4. (b) Normalized mixing number m/m₀ vs. time on a log-log scale. For each density , three independent simulation were performed. Solid lines represent the mean values and shaded regions represent the standard deviation. All cilia beat synchronously ().

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012766.g009