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Modeling tissue-scale ciliary transport and mixing in three-dimensional Newtonian flow

Fig 5

Swirl motion of passive particles as a function of ciliary density: (a-d) (e-h) , (i-l) .

The top row (a, e, i) shows the locations of cilia clusters. The remaining rows show the top view of the distribution of passive particles at t = 1.38s (b, f, j), t = 2.78s (c,g,k), (d, h, l). These time points correspond to 50, 100, and 400 cilia beating revolutions, respectively, with all cilia beating synchronously. Particles are initially distributed in four color-coded groups (black, blue, green, and red) within the ciliated region m and m. The simulation domain is m. Each time sequence shows a representative simulation out of three independent, random realizations.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012766.g005