In–silico simultaneous respiratory and circulatory measurement during voluntary breathing, exercise, and mental stress: A computational approach
Fig 9
Voluntary breathing control model.
The model incorporates a muscle controller utilizing actor–critic reinforcement learning to simulate the activity of respiratory muscles (diaphragm and abdominal muscles) during voluntary breathing. Additionally, it includes a breathing rhythm generation model analogous to the respiratory CPG system. The red lines denote muscle activation signals for the respiratory muscles.