In–silico simultaneous respiratory and circulatory measurement during voluntary breathing, exercise, and mental stress: A computational approach
Fig 3
Simulation results of voluntary breathing controls in five respiratory states: Case A (BR = 14 bpm, TV = 0.5 L), B (BR = 12 bpm, TV = 0.67 L), C (BR = 10 bpm, TV = 0.8 L), D (BR = 8 bpm, TV = 1.0 L), E (BR = 6 bpm, TV = 1.33 L).
(a) Breathing rate (BR), (b) Tidal volume (TV), (c) Minute ventilation (MV), (d) Heart rate (HR) with experimental test data from Song et al. [2], including mean values (solid circles) and peak and trough values (dotted lines), (e) Blood pressure (BP) vs. time, and (f) Power spectral density (PSD) of heart rate variability (HRV) vs. heart beat frequency.