Image-based force inference by biomechanical simulation
Fig 5
Inference comparisons to literature and protein presence.
Data is aggregated from 15 time-lapses (see S4 Fig). A: Inferred adhesive tensions of the 4-cell stage (n = 43). Bootstrap (2000 samples) was used to calculate 95% confidence intervals. B: Timeline of inferred surface tension for the 4-cell stage cells. Data is smoothed using a lowess regression. Surface tensions are normalized so they average 1 at each time instance. C: Comparison of inferred surface tension to experimental measurements of cortical actin and myosin, measured across the free cell surface. Points are aggregated per cell for all cells between the 2- and 8-cell stage. Regression band with 95% confidence interval via bootstrap, 1000 samples. D: Comparison of inferred adhesive tension to experimental measurements of E-cadherin on the cell-cell interfaces, aggregated per contact for different cell stages. Regression band with 95% confidence interval via bootstrap, 1000 samples. E: Orientation of inferred cytokinetic rings for different cell stages. Division planes are projected to the most meaningful axis and standard deviations of the planes are shown in gray. F: Asymmetry of inferred cytokinetic ring offsets for every cell division, with 95% confidence intervals. Difference from zero is significant for P0 (p = 0.00004) and P2 (p = 0.009). G: Orientation of inferred protrusions for ABpl and ABpr. Individual observations are 3D unit vectors projected on the plane perpendicular to the LR axis, while the weighted average orientation is shown as an arrow. H: Rotation of the ventral protrusion of ABpl over time. Weighted least squares regression finds a significant effect of the AP axis component over time (p<0.0001), meaning that the protrusion moves from pointing slightly posterior to slightly anterior over the course of 10 minutes.