Insights into muscle metabolic energetics: Modelling muscle-tendon mechanics and metabolic rates during walking across speeds
Fig 9
Estimated relative cost of gait phases.
Cost of the stance and swing phase relative to the total energy cost in a gait cycle during preferred walking speed [left] and vs. walking speeds [right] (in percentage) with the simulation workflow based on minimal muscle effort with calibrated passive force and personalized tendon stiffness (TEN), using six metabolic energy models: Umberger et al. [14] (UM03), Bhargava et al. [12] (BH04), Houdijk et al. [15] (HO06), Lichtwark and Wilson [16] (LW07), Umberger [17] (UM10), and Uchida et al. [18] (UC16). Pie chart areas are scaled based on the total energy cost. Individual subjects are illustrated in different colors, and the slope and correlation coefficient from repeated measures correlation is indicated. The P-value was <0.05 for all correlations.