A dynamic foot model for predictive simulations of human gait reveals causal relations between foot structure and whole-body mechanics
Fig 6
Effect of foot arch stiffness.
We reduced foot arch stiffness, or the ability to stiffen the arch, by removing the plantar intrinsic foot muscle, by reducing plantar fascia stiffness, or by reducing foot arch height. All changes resulted in alterations in (a) kinematics and (b) reductions in peak ankle power. (c) Simulated activation of the plantar intrinsic foot muscle. (d) Fibre length of the plantar intrinsic foot muscle, normalised by optimal fibre length. (e) Comparison of nominal and reduced foot arch height, visualised via OpenSim [38,39]. Experimental data was obtained from one subject and therefore the grey band represents stride-to-stride variability.