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Predicting organoid morphology through a phase field model: Insights into cell division and lumenal pressure
Fig 10
Mechanism for the formation of a star-shaped organoid.
(a) Snapshot of the typical morphology of a star-shaped organoid formed at 
. Red arrows indicate cells extruding into the lumen, and white arrows show the branches of the organoid. (b) Time evolution of a branch tip. (c) Time-integrated distribution of cell volume of the cells for angular coordinates of the cells appearing in a star-shaped organoid at 
. The vertical lines represent the angles of the lumen branches. The black dot line represents the volume of the cells required for cell division, 
. (d) Relations between the cell volume and position of the representative cells in a star-shaped organoid at 
. The black dot line represents the volume of the cells required for cell division, 
. Cell 1, Cell 2, and Cell 3 represent typical cells in the center, on a branch, and at the tip of the branch, respectively. The orange, green, and blue markers in the inset represent the final positions of Cell 1, Cell 2, and Cell 3, respectively. (e-g) Historical positions of each cell. All cells at various times are overlaid in the same figure, and the color indicates the elapsed time from the generation of each cell at each time tcell. (h-j) Histograms of the frequencies of the number of divisions from the initial cells. Simulation conditions for panels (e-j) are as follows: (e) and (h) are without added noise to 
and at 
; (f) and (i) are with added noise to 
and at 
; and (g) and (j) are with noise to 
and at 
.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012090.g010