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Predicting organoid morphology through a phase field model: Insights into cell division and lumenal pressure
Fig 9
Process of maintaining monolayers;
(a) Lumen perimeter 
and the number of cells N were plotted as a function of time for the 2D simulation with 
and td = 300. Note that N(t) has been multiplied by a constant factor of a = 1.6 to align with the curve of 
on the right vertical axis. Inset: An enlarged view of the two curves. Inset: N(t) shows a step-wise increase while 
exhibits a rapid increase followed by a decay. (b) Micro-lumens were generated just after cell division and merged into a central lumen at 
and td = 300. (c) Lumen index, defined by a = 1.6 and td = 300, was plotted for various values of 
. (d) The lumen perimeter 
and the number of cells multiplied by the short axis of a cell 
were plotted as a function of time for the 2D simulation with noise added to the volume condition at 
and td = 300. Inset: Variation of the typical cell width 
as a function of time. (e) A kymograph of the cell division events was plotted as a function of the angle coordinate. The color indicates the elapsed time since the cell was generated through a cell division. (f) The lumen index measured at td = 300 with added noise to the volume condition, was plotted for various values of 
. (g) The lumen surface, defined by Eq (8), Sl, and the number of cells N multiplied by a constant a were plotted as a function of time for the 3D simulation at 
, where a = 0.05. (h) The evolution of the organoid shape (top row) and the lumen shape (bottom row) are shown for the 3D simulation with 
. (i) Cross-sectional images of organoids from 3D simulations at different lumen pressures, with a constant cell division time (td) of 10. (j) The lumen index, Sl/aN, was plotted for the 3D simulation with various lumen pressure values 
, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.45 and td = 10.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012090.g009