Understanding heterogeneous mechanisms of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction through cardiorenal mathematical modeling
Fig 7
Effect of increased LV stiffness or reduced contractility (representative of HFpEF and HFrEF, respectively) over time under two different models of remodeling–strain-driven and stress-driven.
With both models, reduced contractility caused EF to decline into the HFrEF range. However, only the strain-driven model allowed EF to remain in the normal range over time with increased LV stiffness. Gray dashed lines are threshold levels of stress/strain above which outward remodeling occurs.