The value of confidence: Confidence prediction errors drive value-based learning in the absence of external feedback
Fig 2
Block-averaged time courses are separated according to the duration of phase 1 (9–18 trials) and aligned to the beginning of phase 2. Shaded areas indicate standard error of the mean. (A) Value-based learning. The accuracy of choices gradually increased across the phases with feedback (phases 1 and 3), indicating that participants successfully learned the task. (B) Confidence. Reported confidence (normalized to [0; 1]) likewise increases across the course of a block. Black lines indicate averages across CS value levels. (C) Confidence increases in phase 2 in dependence of the CS value level. The parameter estimate β and the p-value are based on a linear model with value level as IV and average confidence slope in phase 2 as DV.