Digital twin predicting diet response before and after long-term fasting
Fig 3
Model simulations of the four clinical studies used for parameter estimations.
In all plots, data points are represented as the centre of error bars (SEM) or crosses. Simulations with uncertainty are represented by areas, and the best agreeing simulation is the line, for both healthy populations (blue) and T2D population (red). Quantitative details regarding all studies are summarised in Table D in S1 Text. All of these data are mean responses, and simulations are made for a 175 cm, 75 kg male person. (A) Krssak data [26], which describes a mixed meal response (87 g carbohydrates and 23 g protein) happening at 1 h (black bar), whereafter plasma glucose, insulin, and EGP and hepatic glycogen are measured. (B) Magnusson data [27], which describes a fasting response, following a mixed meal (98.2 g carbohydrates and 26 g protein) which happens 4 h before t = 0. (C) Lerche data [25], which describes a 48 h fast, which starts at t = 0, which is preceded by an overnight fast, and which is followed by an OGTT of 1 g carbohydrate/total bodyweight (kg). In iii) and iv), the time has been shifted, so that the meal occurs at t = 3.5 h. (D) Individual meal from new clinical study, which in this training data describes the glucose response to a mixed meal (81 g carbohydrates and 41 g protein, in total 940 kcal) at t = 1 h (black bar).