Three-dimensional topology optimization model to simulate the external shapes of bone
Fig 1
(A) Structure of the fish vertebrae. Abbreviations: auc: autocentrum; ns: neural spine; na: neural arch; vb: vertebral body; ha: hemal arch; hs: hemal spine. (B–G) Volume-rendered micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images of left lateral views of the caudal vertebral bodies of (B) Pagrus major, (C) Acropoma hanedai, (D) Zenopsis nebulosa, (E) Muraenesox cinereus, (F) Scarus forsteni, and (G) Macroramphosus sagifue. (B’–G’) Schematic illustrations of the morphological features of (B–G) that displays (B) a single thick longitudinal plate-like ridge (thick trabecula), (C) a single thin longitudinal plate-like ridge, (D) two longitudinal plate-like ridges, (E) a transverse plate-like ridge, (F) hump-like structures rising on the edge of the vertebral body, (G) tarp-like triangle ridges extending from the center to the edge of the vertebral body. (B” and D”) Transverse sections at the midpoint of the vertebral bodies of (B”) P. major and (D”) Z. nebulosa. These images indicate that the lateral ridges extend from the vertebral body center. Scale bars: (B–F) 1 mm, and (G) 500 μm. In (B” and D”), the interval between scale markers is 1 mm.