Modelling 3D saccade generation by feedforward optimal control
Fig 12
(A,B) 3D oculomotor behavior and (C,D) saccade dynamics, resulting from minimizing the AED cost and penalizing deviations from Listing’s Plane at saccade offset.
Now, the torsional range is constrained to a width of only σx = 1.7 deg (B), which keeps the eye close to Listing’s Plane, also during the saccade trajectories. (C) The saccade dynamics still follow the same saturating amplitude-peak velocity relation as in Fig 9C, and nearly straight trajectories (D), as there is clear component stretching.