Computational modelling of muscle fibre operating ranges in the hindlimb of a small ground bird (Eudromia elegans), with implications for modelling locomotion in extinct species
Fig 4
Reserve actuator contributions to external joint moments.
This is shown for walking (A) and running (B) trials. Grey regions denote the stance phase, white regions denote the swing phase. Note the strong contributions to external joint moment made by reserves acting about the abduction–adduction and long-axis rotation DOFs of the knee and ankle joints. Also illustrated are the kinematics of the left hindlimb (reversed for visualization) at various parts of the stride cycle.