A modular framework for multiscale, multicellular, spatiotemporal modeling of acute primary viral infection and immune response in epithelial tissues and its application to drug therapy timing and effectiveness
Fig 17
State diagram and interactions of Immune cells.
Immune cells can adopt two different generalized types: inactive and activated. Inactive immune cells are recruited by the cytokine levels according to the immune recruitment module (L1).Transition from inactive to activated immune cells is determined by the immune activation module (I1) when cells are exposed to cytokines in the tissue. Activated immune cells amplify the cytokine signal by secreting cytokines to the extracellular environment. Activated immune cells chemotax towards virus-releasing cells (I2). Immune cells induce death of epithelial cells by direct cytotoxicity when coming into contact with infected cells (I3), bystander effect by killing neighbors of infected cells (I3) and through oxidative cytotoxicity (I4) by releasing cytotoxic oxidizing agents (T3) into the extracellular environment.