Differences between joint-space and musculoskeletal estimations of metabolic rate time profiles
Fig 5
Musculoskeletal method validation.
(a) Hip moments, (b) Knee moments, (c) Ankle moments. Red lines represent the net joint moments from the simulated muscles in the normal walking condition. The shaded area is s.e.m. The black line represents the net joint moments from inverse dynamic analyses. Dashed lines represent the mean inverse dynamics joint moments ± two times the standard deviation, which is suggested as a validation threshold [38]. Values in the plots represent mean ± inter-subject s.e.m. of root mean square errors of the difference between muscle-generated and inverse dynamics moments. The muscle-generated hip moments followed the inverse dynamics moments in the extension direction but not in the flexion direction since the optimization algorithm was programmed only to minimize the error during hip extension moment generation.