A computational framework for the morpho-elastic development of molluskan shells by surface and volume growth
Fig 13
Hierarchical ornamentation arising from temporally varying surface growth, δs volume growth strains, δg ε2.
In the Hexaplex cichoreum image shown in the inset, three levels of ornamentation hierarchy are shown: primary (red) as a low mode bifurcation from a flat surface, secondary ornamentation as a second mode bifurcation (magenta) and tertiary ornamentation mode as a third mode (blue). The corresponding first, second and third modes are traced on the mantle edge of the computational model. The dotted white line indicates the location of the fixed calcification front between (t1, t3]. Dirichlet boundary conditions, u = 0, are applied on the trailing surface (boundary) and the lateral surfaces (boundaries) of the mantle, which are perpendicular to s2, and traction-free Neumann conditions, PN = 0, are applied on the front surface (boundary). Inset image of Hexaplex cichoreum modified from source [37]. Original images licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.