Predicting gait adaptations due to ankle plantarflexor muscle weakness and contracture using physics-based musculoskeletal simulations
Fig 8
Z-scores of key kinematic and kinetic measures of gait for all deficit cases.
Z-scores were computed using previous experimental data of individuals walking at a self-selected speed from Schwartz et al. [58]. All 18 cases (dots) are plotted for each measure. A black dot indicates any case within 2 SDs of normal (gray band). A blue or orange dot indicates either a weakness or contracture case, respectively, which is outside of 2 SDs. All of these cases are labeled with the affected muscle or muscles: soleus (SOL), gastrocnemius (GAS), or both (PF); and severity level: mild (Mild), moderate (Mod), or severe (Sev). One other case is labeled (see Peak Plantarflexion Moment, PF Mod*) as it was a clear outlier compared to other deficit cases. The count above each line (e.g., n = 13) indicates the number of unlabeled dots.