Beyond Bouma's window: How to explain global aspects of crowding?
Fig 13
Left. The Fourier model computes Fourier transforms for the left- and right-offset versions of each stimulus. If these transforms are very different, crowding is low because the offset direction is easy to decode in Fourier space [15]. Right. Output of the Fourier model. The model failed on most stimuli [15]. NB. This model only produces a scalar output, there is no output image.