Atlases of cognition with large-scale human brain mapping
Fig 4
Regions outlined using different functional mapping approaches, from left to right: a. forward term mapping; b. forward inference with ontology contrasts (standard analysis); c. reverse inference with logistic regression; d. NeuroSynth reverse inference; and e. our approach, mapping with decoding and an ontology. The top part shows visual regions, and the lower one auditory regions in the left hemisphere. Forward term mapping outlines overlapping regions, as brain responses capture side effects such as the stimulus modality: for visual and auditory regions every cognitive term is represented in the corresponding primary cortex. Forward mapping using contrasts removes the overlap in primary regions, but a large overlap persists in mid-level regions, as control conditions are not well matched across studies. Standard reverse inference, specific to a term, creates overly sparse regions though with little overlap. Reverse inference with Neurosynth also displays large overlap in mid-level regions. Finally, ontology-based decoding maps recover known functional areas the visual and auditory cortices.