Norepinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in astrocytes to fuel neurons with lactate
Fig 3
Activation of glycolytic enzyme cascade by cAMP in the astrocytic compartment.
A) The sequence of glycolytic enzyme cascade includes: protein kinase A (PKA), glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa), hexokinase/phosphofructokinase combined (HKPFK), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). B) Responses are normalized to emphasize temporal relationship. Insets in A and B: Zoom-in showing later activation of LDH. C) Separated from other enzymes for clarity, reciprocal enzyme relationships shown for protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and when complexed with glycogen phosphorylase (PP1-GPa), as well as GPa and glycogen synthase (GSa). NE duration indicated by gray shaded areas.