Do Vascular Networks Branch Optimally or Randomly across Spatial Scales?
Fig 4
Histograms or frequency distributions of optimal asymmetry ratios for length (λl) and branching angle (λθ) derived from material-cost (MC) optimizations.
Surface-area (MC-SA) results are shown as solid lines and volume (MC-V) results are shown as dashed lines for (a) mouse lung and (b) human head and torso.