The Evolutionary Origins of Hierarchy
Fig 7
Network modularity and hierarchy can independently vary, and high-performing networks exist with a wide range of modularity and hierarchy scores.
The highest-performing networks evolution discovered (with the MAP-Elites algorithm) for each combination of modularity and hierarchy. A few example networks are shown, along with their fitness (F), hierarchy (H), and modularity (M). The best network from each of the PA and P&CC treatments are also overlaid as blue triangles and green circles, respectively. The size of the circles or triangles and the enclosed number indicate the number of networks at that coordinate (no number means 1).