Mechanical Stress Induces Remodeling of Vascular Networks in Growing Leaves
Fig 3
Veins in numerical simulations undergo non-affine deformations.
(A) Colormap of the non-affinity index q of each areole, for one realization of the numerical simulation with stretching in the y−direction (σyy = Ptur as in Fig 2); in the case of an affine dilation q would be equal to one for all areoles; q > 1 (resp. q < 1) means that the areole grew more (resp. less) than its neighbourhood. (B) Histogram of q over all realizations with stretching in the x−direction and for a stress σxx ranging from 0 to 2Ptur. As in Fig 2, the simulations were stopped when the leaves doubled their area.