Dread and the Disvalue of Future Pain
Figure 7
Time preference of sample participants on Experiment 1 and fits of the (discounted) Exponential Dread model.
Observed p(Choose S2), combined across both frames, as a function of delay difference, expressed in units of trials, is displayed for a single participant from each of the four subgroups shown in Figure 3, indicated by the purple circles. Delay difference scaling is identical that in Figure 2. Data simulated from the general form Exponential Dread model at the maximum likelihood parameter estimates for each participant, subsequently combined across frames, are plotted as cyan squares. Error bars represent one standard deviation of the binomial distribution. A: a participant with zero time preference B: a participant with positive time preference (left hand column). C: a participant with negative time. D: a participant with reversing time preference: showing initial negative time preference reverting to positive time preference at longer delay differences. The general form of the Exponential Dread model adequately captures all four patterns of time preference.