Dread and the Disvalue of Future Pain
Figure 3
Observed time preference in individual participants categorized by time preference.
p(Choose S2) as a function of delay difference, expressed in units of trials, for all 25 participants included in the modeling analysis. Choice probabilities shown are the mean of those on the two frames. Delay difference scaling is identical that in Figure 2. Time preference is approximated by the slope of the choice probability lines. A: participants with no significant time preference at any delay. B: participants who show positive time preference, but no significant negative time preference at any delay. C: participants who show negative time preference, but no significant positive time preference at any delay. D: participants with initial negative time preference followed by significant positive time preference at longer delays. Data are plotted as solid lines to assist visualization of the choice patterns. Each gray line represents data from a single participant. The bold purple lines represent the between-subject means in each category. At delay difference of zero, S1 and S2 would occur at the same time-point; since there are equal numbers of trials in which S1>S2 as in which S2>S1, the plots are theoretically bounded to cross the probability axis at p(Choose S2) = 0.5.