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A Hierarchical Neuronal Model for Generation and Online Recognition of Birdsongs

Figure 8

Second simulation ‘Deviation from expected song’: For simplicity, we only show the causal states of the generation (left column) and recognition (right column), where the format is the same as in Figure 5 with arbitrary units.

The listening bird (recognition) hears a slightly deviating syllable between the time steps and indicated by the black rectangle. During this period, the third ensemble of the HVC level (red color) in the singing bird (generation) activates the first and the fourth ensembles of the RA level (blue and cyan colors) while the listening bird expects the activation of the first ensemble of the second level (blue) only. This unexpected sensory input continues until the listening bird starts hearing and recognizing the expected syllables again after . See Figure 9 for plots of the associated prediction errors.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002303.g008