A Hierarchical Neuronal Model for Generation and Online Recognition of Birdsongs
Figure 1
The schematic diagram of a songbird brain with the motor pathway (red arrows), which is considered in the model of song generation, and the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP, black arrows).
In the motor pathway RA neurons that are driven by the HVC control the motor (nXIIts innervates the syrinx) and respiratory (DM) areas. The anterior forebrain pathway communicates with the motor pathway through the LMAN area that provides direct input to the RA region. Abbreviations: DLM, nucleus dorsolateralis anterior, pars medialis; DM, dorsomedial nucleus; HVC, a letter based name; LMAN, lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium; nXIIts, tracheosyringeal portion of the nucleus hypoglossus; RA, robust nucleus of the arcopallium. Adapted from [87].