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Three People Can Synchronize as Coupled Oscillators during Sports Activities
Figure 3
Three synchronized patterns in a 3 vs. 1 ball possession task as rings of three coupled oscillators predicted by symmetric Hopf bifurcation theory.
(A, C, F) Time series of angles. (B, D, G, E, H) Trajectories on the phase plane. (B), (D), and (G) show the phase plane of time series in (A), (C), and (F), respectively. (+) in the phase plane shows that all three oscillators would have 
equally. (A, B) A rotation pattern (R) in which all three oscillators are synchronized while keeping the phase difference 
. (C-E) A partial anti-phase pattern (PA) in which two oscillators are synchronized in anti-phase and another is constant. PA1 shows the case in which the constant value is smaller than 
and the value of PA2 is larger than that of 
. (F-H) A partial in-phase pattern (PI) in which two oscillators are synchronized in-phase and another is in anti-phase synchronization. 
and 
show the cases in which one of the two in-phase oscillators is larger than 
and the other one is smaller than 
and vise versa.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002181.g003