Simulation of the Undiseased Human Cardiac Ventricular Action Potential: Model Formulation and Experimental Validation
Figure 14
AP and Ca2+ alternans at fast pacing.
Black lines are control. Gray lines are without CaMK. The two consecutive beats are labeled 1 and 2. A) Pacing at CL = 250 ms. From left to right, top to bottom: AP, expanded time scale showing AP repolarization, Jrel (inset is expanded time scale), [Ca2+]i, [Ca2+]JSR, and Jup. B) Rate dependence of APD (top) and peak [Ca2+]i (bottom) at fast rates (alternans bifurcations disappear without CaMK). C) Same as panel B, but at slower rates (no bifurcations).