Simulation of the Undiseased Human Cardiac Ventricular Action Potential: Model Formulation and Experimental Validation
Figure 9
Rate dependence of currents at steady state.
Black arrows indicate CL decrease (rate increase). Top Row) Simulated APs, repeated in each column for timing purposes. Lower Rows (left to right, top to bottom): INa, peak INa detailed time course, late INa, Ito, ICaL, ICaL increasing peaks with increasing pacing rate, IKr, IKs, IK1, INaCa,i, INaCa,ss, and INaK. Insets show greater detail of late small Ito window current, and early IKr spiking at fast rates.