A Cervid Vocal Fold Model Suggests Greater Glottal Efficiency in Calling at High Frequencies
Figure 6
Oscillograms (upper panels) and spectrograms (lower panels) of a red deer call (A), an elk call (B) and three sound simulations (C, D, E). Fundamental frequency of simulations is 60 Hz (in C), 900 Hz (in D) and 1500 Hz (in E). All simulations last 2 seconds. Note that intrinsic noise of the nonlinear system indicates the presence of resonance frequencies even if F0 is above those resonances. Arrows indicate resonance frequencies, which are identical in all three simulations, but they are best visible when the source signal has a low fundamental frequency.