Optimal Workloop Energetics of Muscle-Actuated Systems: An Impedance Matching View
Figure 4
Summary of optimal solutions as a function of oscillation frequency.
Each point the plots represents a solution similar to that of Figure 2. (A) Maximal power output produced by antagonist muscles (red) and by an individual muscle (black). (B) Energetic synergies in workloop measurements can be explored by comparing the ratios , which at certain frequencies is substantially higher than 2.
is the resonance frequency of the mass-spring-damper unloaded by the muscles. Results shown for
Hz,
and
N/m.