PARE: A framework for removal of confounding effects from any distance-based dimension reduction method

• Andrew A. Chen ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft

  * E-mail: chenandr@musc.edu

  Affiliation Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5027-6422

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• Kelly Clark,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Blake E. Dewey,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

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• Anna DuVal,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

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• Nicole Pellegrini,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

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• Govind Nair,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

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• Youmna Jalkh,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, United States of America

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• Samar Khalil,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, United States of America

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• Jon Zurawski,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, United States of America

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• Peter A. Calabresi,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7776-6472

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• Daniel S. Reich,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2628-4334

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• Rohit Bakshi,

  Roles Data curation, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, United States of America, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

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• Haochang Shou ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Haochang Shou, Russell T. Shinohara

  Roles Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Russell T. Shinohara ,

  Contributed equally to this work with: Haochang Shou, Russell T. Shinohara

  Roles Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

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• Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, and North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative