Emergent competition shapes top-down versus bottom-up control in multi-trophic ecosystems

• Zhijie Feng ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: zjfeng@bu.edu (ZF); pankajm@bu.edu (PM)

  Affiliation Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

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• Robert Marsland III,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation

  Current address: Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, Rome, Italy

  Affiliation Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

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• Jason W. Rocks,

  Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

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• Pankaj Mehta

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: zjfeng@bu.edu (ZF); pankajm@bu.edu (PM)

  Affiliations Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Faculty of Computing and Data Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1290-5897

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