Host heterogeneity and epistasis explain punctuated evolution of SARS-CoV-2

• Bjarke Frost Nielsen ,

  Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  * E-mail: bjarkefrost@ruc.dk

  Affiliations Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3868-9187

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• Chadi M. Saad-Roy,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliations Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America, Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America

  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2217-3071

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• Yimei Li,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America

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• Kim Sneppen,

  Roles Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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• Lone Simonsen,

  Roles Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

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• Cécile Viboud,

  Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

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• Simon A. Levin,

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America

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• Bryan T. Grenfell

  Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

  Affiliation Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America

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